Math 2248  / Fall 2025

Homework

As stated in the Syllabus:
HW for a section is assigned on the day when we have finished covering that section in class.


HW # 1 

(All problems except those marked in bold red must be done via WebAssign (WA).
There are no non-WA problems in this HW, but there will be one later on, starting with HW 3.)
Sec. 12.1:  ##  3, 14, 17, 25, 27, 31.



HW # 2 
(All problems except those marked in bold red must be done via WebAssign.)
Sec. 12.2:  ##   3, 9, 13, 43, 15, 16, 25, 26, 31, 33, 39, 45(only a-c in book), 47.
                       Note for # 33:    The angle that a vector <a,b> makes with the positive x-axis is:
                                                  arctan(b/a) if a >0  and  arctan(b/a) + Pi  if  a < 0.

                       Notes for # 39:   -  Notation "in the direction N 45o W" means the direction
                                                   that is 
45o West of the Northerly direction. That is, the pilot is steering the plane at
                                                  
135o to the positive x-axis. Similarly, the notation "in the S 30o E direction"
                                                   means the direction that is
30o East of the Southerly direction.
                                                   That is, the wind blows in the direction that is minus
60o from the positive x-axis.
 

                                                -  "Ground speed" is the speed relative to the ground.

                       Notes for # 45:   -  For your own benefit, you should do the separate step (b)
                                                   described in the book even though WA combined this step with (c).

                                                -  To find approximate values of  s  and  t, you need to sketch the
                                                    given vectors  a, b,  and  c, as well as the resulting parallelogram,
                                                    accurately. Then, measure the lengths of vectors and the parallelogram's
                                                    sides with a ruler, preferably one with the millimeter scale.


HW # 3 
(All problems except those marked in bold red must be done via WebAssign.)
T/F Quiz at the end of Chap. 12 (p. 884):   ## 1, 3, 19, 8;
Note:   These are problems from the True/False (T/F) Quiz, NOT from Review Exercises on the same page. Here is an easy way to tell that you are doing a problem from a wrong part, e.g., from Review Exercises intsead of T/F quiz, or vice versa. For example, if you have started, by mistake, to do # 3 in Review Exercises, you notice that it is asking a question about the cross-product, which is clearly not covered in Sec. 12.3 (which is what this HW is on). Then, instead of trying to find an answer in Sec. 12.4 (if you can guess which section that material is in) or give up, you should realize that you are attempting a problem that was not actually assigned.

Sec. 12.3:  ##   1, 7, 9, 14, 20, 55, 23, 40, 41, 45, 46, 48;
 Review Exercises at the end of Chap. 12 (p. 884)
                9.
                    Note for ## 40, 41:   In addition to finding the numbers for the answers,
                                                   sketch the two given vectors in the same plane
                                                   and  also sketch the  required projection.
                                                   (Consult figures in pp. 2-3, 2-4 of posted notes
                                                    as well as Figs. 4, 6 in the textbook.)
                                                   Clarification:  Your sketch should be a simple 2D drawing;
                                                   so please disregard the z-coordinate in your sketch
                                                   even though it may be provided in the problem.
                    Answer for # 40:   component = 14/sqrt[17];  projection = 14/17 *<1,4>.
                    Note for # 45:     Note that the given formula,
orthab = b - projab, defines the
                                              orthogonal projection 
orthab  in terms of the
                                              "usual" projection 
projab .
                    Hints for # 45:    - Use the formula that allows one to determine if
                                                two vectors are perpendicular.
                                              - Do not use the component form of a vector, like a = <a1,a2>.
                                                Instead, use the formula for
projab that was given in class
                                                (or can be found in the book).   
                    Hint for # 46:      For the sketch, again, consult the figures mentioned in
                                              the Note for ## 40, 41. Also, for the sketch of orthab,
                                              recall the geometric definition of the difference of two vectors:
                                              see p. 1-3 of the posted notes for Secs. 12.1 and 12.2.
                                              You can check your answer geometrically, by verifying
                                              that  projab +
orthab = b,  and algebraically, by verifying that orthab _|_ a. 
                    Answer for # 46: 
ortha = <20, -5>/17.
                    Hint for # 48:  See the definitions before Example 6 in the book.
                                          Also, try to visualize the problem by making a sketch.


Extra credit # 1  (worth 0.2% added to your final grade)
Assigned:  08/
Due: 09/
Note: Before you attempt this extra-credit assignment, please read these instructions!
Sec. 12.3:  # 58.   Hint:               Use the dot product.
                           Clarification:    You should not assume any specific components for  and  b.
                                                 (In fact, I suggest that you not use the component form of vectors at all.)
                An additional 0.1% will be added to your score if you explain the fact that you have proved
                using elementary geometry.   Hints for this "additional extra credit": 
                                                          (i) What are the lengths of each term in the vector equation for  c?
                                                         (ii)  Draw the parallelogram representing  c  as the vector sum of
                                                               those two terms. This parallelogram is special (because of
                                                               your answer in (i)).
                                                         (iii)  What properties do the diagonals in this special parallologram have?


HW # 4 
(All problems except those marked in bold red must be done via WebAssign.)
T/F Quiz at the end of Chap. 12 (p. 884):  
                ## 4, 6, 7, 9, 13, 14, 20, 21  (see the Note for HW 3)
;
Sec. 12.4:  ##   13, 3, 16, 29, 19, 22, 38, 10, 11, 37.
                    Answer for T/F # 4:   False.

                    Note for # 22:  Use properties of the cross and dot products, not a direct calculation.
                    Hint for # 29(b):  The area of a triangle equals half the area of the parallelogram made
                                               by two of the triangle's sides.
                    Hint for # 38:   Begin by computing vectors AB, AC, AD.
                   
Note 1 for ## 10,11:   Do as the assignment says: Find the answers
                                            by using the properties
of cross product
                                             not
by a calculation via a determinant!
                   
Note 2 for ## 10,11:   If you haven't done so already, make sure that you read the
                                              "Common syntactic errors and issues" document found right below
                                              the Homework link on the course webpage.



HW # 5-A 
(All problems except those marked in bold red must be done via WebAssign.)
T/F Quiz at the end of Chap. 12 (p. 884):   # 16;
Sec. 12.5:  ##   2, 6, 11, 13, 17, 18, Word problem (below), 81.
      Word problem:
      Point Q is on segment P1P2 and is 3 times closer to
P2 than to P1.
      If 
P1 = (1, 2, 3) and  P2 = (4, 5, 6), find the coordinates of Q.

                    Hint for # 11:   Recall that if you have an equation of a line, you are given
                                           the two "ingredients" of that line.

                    Hint for # 13:   See p. 3-1 of posted Notes about how to tell if two vectors
                                           are parallel or not.
                    Hint for WP:    What value of  t  corresponds to point Q?
                    Answer for WP:  Q = (13/4, 17/4, 21/4).
                    Hint for # 81:   See topic 5 (Segment connecting two points) in Lec. 4; especially
                                           where it handles t-values with  0 < t < 1.

Extra credit # 2  (worth 0.1% added to your final grade)
Assigned:  09/
Due:        09/
Note: Before you attempt this extra-credit assignment, please read these instructions!
     Word problem:
     Use a formula from the Notes for Sec. 12.5(Lines) to show that the coordinates of
     a segment's midpoint computed by that formula coincide with the coordinates
     stated in Sec. 12.1 (in the Notes or in the textbook).


HW # 5-B 
(All problems except those marked in bold red must be done via WebAssign.)
Sec. 12.5:  ##   24, 29, 33, 63, 45, 53, 55, 71, 73, 74, 1.

                    Note for ## 73, 74:  You must use the formula presented in class (which is the same
                                                  as Eq. 9 on p. 871 of the textbook). You are not allowed to use the
                                                  formula shown in # 75, because it was not presented in class and
                                                  hence is considered an  "outside" material.

Extra credit # 3 
Assigned:  09/
Due:        09/
Note: Before you attempt this extra-credit assignment, please read these instructions!
1) Sec. 12.5:  # 66
(worth 0.25% added to your final grade).
                   
Clarification:   The point given in the problem is not on the line given in the problem.
2) Word problem(worth 0.15% added to your final grade).
    Show that the formula for distance between two parallel planes
    (i.e.,   D = |ax0 + by0 + cz0 + d| / Sqrt[a^2+b^2+c^2]  )
    always gives the same answer regardless of which of the two planes one picks the point (x0, y0, z0)
    on to compute that distance (see topic 6b in the Notes for Sec. 12.5(Planes)).
    You must provide a clear explanation in order to receive credit.


HW # 6
(All problems except those marked in bold red must be done via WebAssign.)
T/F Quiz at the end of Chap. 12 (p. 884):  
                # 18 
(see the Note for HW 3);
Sec. 12.6:  ##   1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7,  43, 15 (see Notes below for both of these problems); 
Word Problem 1:    Describe and sketch the surfaces:   (a) x^2 - z^2 = 4;  
                                                                                (b) x^2 - z^2 = 3.

                                 In what way do the constants "4" and "3" make these surfaces different?
Word Problem 2:    Describe and sketch the surfaces:  
(a) 2x^2 + y^2 = 1;  
                                                                                (b) y^2 +3 z^2 = 4.
                       See the General Note and Notes and Answers to specific problems, below.

     Now let us get back to problems at the end of Sec. 12.6.

     Very soon we will start extensively referring to a surface called "cone".
     You all know, of course, what a cone looks like (if unsure, look at the Table of Surfaces
     in Sec. 12.6).  It is now a time to get hands-on experience
with a cone and its equation.
     To that end, do the following.

# 43:   1) Solve the given equation for  z  (you should obtain two answers that differ by +/-).
          2) Plot each of these surfaces in Mathematica using command Plot3D.
              (If you are not familiar with its
syntax, go to Help in Mathematica's menu,
               select Wolfram Documentation, and type
"Plot3D" without quotation signs
               in the search box.)
               *  When you plot your function, make sure to use the plotting option
                   RegionFunction -> Function[{x, y, z},  4*x^2 + y^2 <= 10]
                   (it is explained in examples for Plot3D).
               *  The number "10" above can be changed to any other number depending on
                   what range of x,y-values you want to show in your plot.
               *  The coefficients in front of  x^2  and  y^2 (i.e., 4 and 1)
                  
match those of the surface in question.
          3)  Notice which coordinate axis is the axis of this cone.
          4)  Also notice and explain, based on the material of Sec. 12.6 and Mathematica Lab 1,
               which dimension, x or y, of the cone's base is greater and by what factor.
# 15:   Sketch this surface by hand, based on your experience with # 43. (Plot3D will not
          work in this case; we will learn how to sketch such surfaces in Mathematica, but only
         
at the end of this course.)
          To make a correct sketch, you'll first need to answer the two questions asked about # 43:
          (i) What is the axis of this cone? and
          (ii) Which dimension of the cone's base is larger and
by what factor?
                               
                    General Note for all problems related to ellipses and hyperbolas:
                       Review Part 1 of Lab 1 and Appendix C in your textbook (pp. A19--A22)
                       on how to tell the parameters (e.g., semi-axes) of these curves from their equations.
                  
                    Answer for T/F # 18:   False.
                    Answer for # 2:   To make a sketch in (b) and (c), use
the Plot3D command in Mathematica.
                                              Also, in (c) you have an "exponential cylinder", defined similarly
                                              to the parbolic cylinder described in the next Answer.
                    Answer for # 6:   Lower half (since z<0) of the parabolic cylinder obtained by extending the
                                               half-parabola  z=-Sqrt[x]  in the xz-plane along the y-axis.
                    Note for # 7:       I am hoping that you will combine your knowledge of the curve  xy=1,
                                              which you learned in high school, with the material about surfaces that
                                              you learned in this section.
                    Answer for # 43(4):   The cone's base along  x  is twice as large as that along  y.
                    Answer for # 15(i):    The cone's axis  is  x.
                    To verify your sketches for the Word Problems, solve the equations for  z
                         and then use the Plot3D command in Mathematica.

                     

HW # 7
(All problems except those marked in bold red must be done via WebAssign.)
T/F Quiz at the end of Chap. 13:  
                ## 1, 2, 3 (I recommend that you do it along with ## 7, 19, and 25, 29 listed below);
Sec. 13.1:  ##   1;   21;   8, 7, 19, 12, 14, 35, 25, 29, 39, 40, 57;
Review Exercises at the end of Chap. 13 (p. 928): 
                #  1(a) (along with ## 7, 19, and 25, 29 above),    6(a).
Word Problems:
         1) Show that the parametric curve  x = t, y = 2t, z = Sqrt[3 - 5t^2]  lies on a sphere.
             What is the radius of this sphere?
         2)
Show that the parametric curve  x = Sin[t], y = Sqrt[2]*Sin[t], z = Sqrt[3]*Cos[t]  lies on a sphere.
             What is the radius of this sphere?
         3) Show that the parametric curve  x = e2t Cos[t], 
y = e2tz = e2t Sin[t]  lies on a cone.
             (See ## 43, 15 in HW 6 if you forgot what the equation of a cone is.)
             (i)   What is the axis of this cone?
             (ii)  As you remember from HW 6, any cone has two "halves."
                   Does the curve in this problem lie on both halves of the cone or just one one half?
             (iii) Use the above information to sketch this curve.
 

                    General note:
While this section is about vector functions, which, in general, are curved lines, some of those lines may be straight.
We learned about them in Sec. 12.5A. I expect you to review that section, as some of the HW problems are about
straight lines (even if they don't say that explicitly).


                    Note for ## 8,7:          I expect you to recognize these as very familiar cartesian curves,
                                                     i.e. curves of the form  y = f(x)  or  x=f(y). 
                                                     Remember that, conversely, any cartesian curve 
y = f(x) 
                                                     can be written in parametric form as  x = t,  y = f(t). 
                                                     So, to go from parametric to cartesian, you need to reverse this step.
                    Note for ## 12, 14:     While you must sketch the curves by hand (following the examples
                                                     presented in class/posted notes, you should verify your answers
                                                     with Mathematica's command  ParametricPlot3D (see Lab 1).
                    Note for ## 35, 25, 29:  
Recall the parametric equation of a certain curve  from this Section
                                                         about which you needed to read on your own and
                                                         which you were required to memorize.

                    Note for
## 35, 25:    Recall the equation of a cone from HW 6. If you have not done
                                                    what was asked for ## 43, 15 there, go back and do it now.
                                                    Only then can you correctly do ## 35 and 25.
                    Answer for # 6(a) on p. 928:   (15/8, 0, -ln(2)).
                    Answers for the Word Problems:
                                                    1) & 2)  Sqrt[3].
                                                    3) (i) y;  (ii) On the right half;  (iii) Use Mathematica's ParametricPlot3D.


HW # 8
(All problems except those marked in bold red must be done via WebAssign.)
T/F Quiz at the end of Chap. 13:   4, 5;
Sec. 13.1:  # 5;
Sec. 13.2:  ##  3, 5, 11, 14, 17, 19, 25, 27, 28, 35, 38, 39, 43;
Review Exercises at the end of Chap. 13 (p. 928):  # 5.
                   
Hint for # 5 of Sec. 13.1:   Use the method of Example 3 from Sec. 2.6 for the 1st components;
                                                              for the others, use the limiting values of the functions involved.
                    Note for ## 3,5 of Sec. 13.2:      Find a (simple!) relation between  x  and  y  (by excluding  t) and
                                                                    thereby recognize these as (very!) familiar cartesian curves,

                                                                    i.e. curves of the form  y = f(x)  or  x=f(y)
                   
Hint for # 5 of Sec. 13.2:   This cartesian curve has nothing to do with the expenential curve.
                    Note for ## 11, 14:   Review the Chain Rule.
                    Note for # 11:     The expression  e^t^n  should be interpreted as  e^(t^n).
                    Note for ## 25, 27:   These problems give you the coordinates of the point on the curve but,
                                                   unlike earlier problems, do not give you the value of  t. To find the latter,
                                                   equate one of the component of the curve to the given component of the point.
                                                   Pick the easieest of the expressions. E.g., for # 25, do: 
                                                   6*Sqrt[t]=6   =>   t=1.
                                                  The remaining two components should automatically match (verify that they do).
                    Answer for # 28:   x=2+t/2,  y=ln4 + t/2, z=1+t.
                    Note for # 39:   Review formula 10 and Ex. 5 in Sec. 7.4
                                           (don't pay attention to details of Partial Fraction Expansion,
                                             but only note how the integrals are done at the very end).

                   
Note for # 5 on p. 928:   Review Example 4 in Sec. 5.5.

Extra credit # 4  (worth 0.2% added to your final grade)
Assigned:  09/
Due:  09/
Note: Before you attempt this extra-credit assignment, please read these instructions!
Sec. 13.2:  # 30.


HW # 9
(All problems except those marked in bold red must be done via WebAssign.)
T/F Quiz at the end of Chap. 13:  
                ## 12, 8, 7, 10, 13;
 Review Exercises at the end of Chap. 13 (p. 928):   
                # 12.
Sec. 13.3:  ##   3, 4, 5, 15, 17, 51, 52, 53, 57, 20, 24, 25, 37.
                    Note for # 4:   Use identity  a^2+2ab+b^2 = (a+b)^2  and then  Sqrt[(a+b)^2] = (a+b).
                    Note for # 5:   Use the identity  (x + 1/x)^2 = x^2 + 2 + 1/x^2,  where your  x  is somehow related to  t.
                    Note for # 51:  Use Mathematica to calculate T' and its length.
                                          When computing T', recall that T is a vector, and then recall from Lab 2
                                          how one enters vectors in Mathematica. You may also do
                                          Tsimple[t_] = Simplify[T'[t]].
                                          To find the length, you can review Lab 2 as well
and/or see the Hint for # 4.
                                          The expression for the length (which is a scalar!) should be fairly simple.
                                          Finally, to find T'/|T'| at a specific value of  t = t0, do this:
                                          f[t_] =
Tsimple'[t] / |Tsimple'[t]|  (where you find the denominator as explained above)
                                          and then type  f[t0].
                    Note for # 52:  Use the Chain Rule to find r' and then a trig identity for  tan^2  from
                                            the middle of p. A28 (Appendix D) to find its length.
                    Note for ## 20(a), 24(a):  
                                           You do  not  need to sketch these curves in 3D!
                                           Pretend that your curve is in 2D and sketch both T and N for it.
                                           Focus on how these vectors are oriented relative to the curve.
                    Note for # 24(a):  When finding the length of  r'(t), use the following observation:
                                                e^(2x) + 2 + e^(-2x) = (e^x + e^(-x))^2  for any x.
                                              (This is the same idea as expressed in the Hints for ##4,5,51 above.)
                                              If you use Mathematica to do calculations for 24(a), you will see
                                              that, for a reason unknown to me, Mathematica refuses to take
                                             
the square root of  (e^x + e^(-x))^2.  You can just do so by hand
                                              and proceed using Mathematica to do the rest of the calculations.
                    Note for ## 20(b), 24(b):   Contrary to the direction given by the textbook and WA,
                                                                use Theorem 10 instead of Formula 9.
                                                           Also, when computing the cross product between vectors
                                                           with only two components (with the third being zero,
                                                           as it is for vectors in a plane), you must use
the original
                                                           definition of the cross product as a 3x3 determinant,

                                                           rather than its 2x2 shorcut version that may be
                                                           presented in WebAssign solutions or elsewhere online.
                    Note for # 12 on p. 928:    Find a very similar example in the Notes.

Extra credit # 5  (the amount of credit added to your final grade is stated next to each problem)
Assigned:   09/
Due:  09/
Note: Before you attempt this extra-credit assignment, please read these instructions
Sec. 13.3:  ##  77 (0.1%).
                Note that it is worked out in a WA tutor video. You may watch it and follow its guidelines.
                However, credit will be given if you include in your work absolutely all the derivations,
                especially those skipped or glanced over in the video.
                Make sure to express the answer in more familiar length units (i.e.,
                in feet/meters/inches/centimeters as opposed to Angstroms).


HW # 10
(All problems except those marked in bold red must be done via WebAssign.)
Sec. 13.4:  ##   1(a), 3, 6, 5, 7, 10, 36, "37", 39, 43, the 2 Word Problems below (yes, in this order),
                      
22, 16, 17(a);
Concept Check at the end of Chap. 13:   # 8(b)
.

Word Problems:  (a) Sketch the following parametric curves and then, for each curve, sketch
                               the unit tangent and unit normal vectors
at  t=0  and  t=1.
                          (b) Sketch the acceleration vector and its tangential and normal components
                               at  t=0  and  t=1  for each of these curves:
                    1.  r = < t,  t^2 - 2t >;
                    2.  r = < 3t-t^3,  3t^2 >. 
                    To emphasize:  In these problems you should focus on sketching rather than on
                                           a calculation of  a_T and a_N.

                    Note for ## 3,6:   See the Note for ## 8,7 for Sec. 13.1 (HW # 7).                                             
                   
Hint for # 6:        This cartesian curve has nothing to do with the exponential curve.
                    Note for # 5:       You should recognize this curve from an earlier section in this course.
                    Answer for # 6:   To sketch the path, use ParametricPlot in Mathematica;
                                              v(0) = <1,2>,   a(0) = <1,4>,   |v(0)| = Sqrt[5].
                                              Make sure that you still sketch the path and v and a in the same
                                              figure (as you should also do for ## 5 and 7).
                    Answers for # 36:   (a)  a_N=0,   (b)  a_T=0.
                    Note for # "37":       This isn't quite the # 37 from the textbook, but instead # 5 on WA,
                                                  which is the closest problem on WA to what I actually want to assign.
                    Note for ## "37", 39:  Use Mathematica to calculate the cross and dot products,
                                                    as well as to do any other calculations. 
                    Note for ## 43 and for 8(b) (Concept Check on p. 927):  
                                                 See Fig. 7 in Sec. 13.4 that shows the acceleration vector
                                                 as a vector sum of its projections on T and N.
                    Note for Word Problem 1:  Recognize this curve as a familiar cartesian curve;
                                                             see the Note for ## 3, 6 above.
                                                             If in doubt, plot it using the ParametricPlot command
                                                             in Mathematica (see Lab 1 or Mathematica's Help).
                   Note for Word Problem 2:  This is essentially the same curve as in # "37" ( = WA # 5).
                                                             However, unlike in # "37", here you should focus on sketching,
                                                             not on a calculation.

                    Answers for Word Problem 1:   a = <0,2>; 
                                                                 @t=0:  T = <1,-2>/sqrt(5);   N=<2,1>/sqrt(5)
                                                                            (you are not asked to compute N, but can verify
                                                                             from your sketch that this N works);
                                                                            a_T < 0,  a_N > 0;
 
                                                                 @t=1:  T = <1,0>;   N=<0,1>
                                                                            (you are not asked to compute N, but can verify
                                                                             from your sketch that this N works);
                                                                            a_T = 0,  a_N = 2.

                    Answers for Word Problem 2:   a = < -6t, 6 >; 
 
                                                                 @t=0:  T = <1,0>;   N=<0,1>
                                                                            (you are not asked to compute N, but can verify
                                                                             from your sketch that this N works);
                                                                            a_T = 0,  a_N = 6.
                                                                 @t=1:  T = <0,1>;   N=<-1,0>
                                                                            (you are not asked to compute N, but can verify
                                                                             from your sketch that this N works);
                                                                            a_T > 0,  a_N > 0 (and both = 6/sqrt(2)).

                    Hint for # 22:    Review Theorem 4 and its Proof in the book for Sec. 13.2. The conceptual
                                             part of that Theorem was previewed in class, and the technical part was
                                             assigned as a must-do independent reading.


Extra credit # 6  (value of each problem (in % added to your final grade) is marked next to it)
This EC assignment is unusual in that part of it (## 28, 29, 32) is based on the material
(projectile motion) not covered
in class. (We needed to skip this topic in order to save time for
the material on Vector Calculus, to be covered at the end of the course.) The material on
projectile motion is covered in Examples 5 and 6 in the textbook.
Assigned:   09/
Due:   10/
Note: Before you attempt this extra-credit assignment, please read these instructions!
Sec. 13.4:  ##  35 (0.3%),   28 (0.2%),   29 (0.15%),   32 (0.35%),   33 (0.1% for each part),   45 (0.1%).
                                                       Common note: 
                Remember: I grade your clearly presented solutions, with detailed explanations,
                                   including sketches whenever appropriate.
                                   I will not give credit for solutions with scarce explanations,
                                   even if your answers are correct.
               
Note for ## 29, 33, 45:   These problems are worked out in a WA video tutor.
                                                    You may watch it and follow its guidelines. However,
                                                    credit will be given if you present absolutely all the derivations and
                                                    explanations, especially those skipped or glanced over in the video.

                Hints for # 35:   This problem is actually on the material of:
                                        Sec. 13.2 (specifically, on Theorem 4, which I asked you to review on your
                                        own when we covered that section) and on Sec. 12.4.
                                        Sketch  c  and  r  (as some two vectors in the same plane), and
                                        decompose  r  as:   r = r_par + r_perp,
                                        where 
r_par  and  r_perp  are parallel and perpendicular to  c, respectively.
                                        Then from the equation for  r',  determine the evolution of 
r_par  and  r_perp.
                Note for # 29:   Assume  y0 = 0.
                Note for # 33:   The "constant speed" referred to in this problem is the own speed
                                        of the boat.  The total velocity = own velocity + current's velocity.
                Hins for # 45:   1)  When the engine is shut off, the ship leaves the trajectory
                                            along the tangent line. So, review Sec. 13.2.
                                       2)  The equations for the shut-off time that you'll obtain are too complicated
                                            to be solved by any systematic method. However, they can be solved
                                            by inspection. To that end, think for which rational (i.e., not transcendental)
                                            value of  t0,  ln(t0)  is also a rational number.

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